RISC-V CORE

FINAL/RISCCore.v

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+module RISCCore (
+  input rst,
+  input clk,
+  output reg [31:0] pc,
+  output wire [31:0] next_pc,  // Changed to wire
+  output wire [31:0] instr
+);
+
+  // IMem - reduced size for simplicity
+  reg [31:0] imem [0:63];
+  initial begin
+    $readmemh("program.hex", imem);
+  end
+  assign instr = (pc[31:2] < 64) ? imem[pc[31:2]] : 32'h00000013;  // Word-aligned access
+
+  //Data Mem
+  reg [31:0] dmem [0:31];
+  wire [31:0] ld_data;
+  wire [4:0] word_addr = mem_addr[6:2];
+
+  integer j;
+  initial begin
+    for(j = 0; j < 32; j = j + 1) begin
+      dmem[j] = 32'b0;
+    end 
+  end
+
+  assign ld_data = (word_addr < 32) ? dmem[word_addr] : 32'b0;
+
+  // Instruction decoder
+  wire [6:0] opcode = instr[6:0];
+  wire [4:0] rs1 = instr[19:15];
+  wire [4:0] rs2 = instr[24:20];
+  wire [4:0] rd = instr[11:7];
+  wire [2:0] funct3 = instr[14:12];
+  wire [6:0] funct7 = instr[31:25];
+
+  // Instruction type detection
+  wire isUType = (opcode == 7'b0110111) || (opcode == 7'b0010111);  // LUI, AUIPC
+  wire isIType = (opcode == 7'b0000011) || (opcode == 7'b0000111) ||  // LOAD
+                 (opcode == 7'b0010011) || (opcode == 7'b0011011) ||  // OP-IMM
+                 (opcode == 7'b1100111);                               // JALR
+  wire isRType = (opcode == 7'b0110011) || (opcode == 7'b0111011);     // OP
+  wire isSType = (opcode == 7'b0100011) || (opcode == 7'b0100111);     // STORE
+  wire isBType = (opcode == 7'b1100011);                               // BRANCH
+  wire isJType = (opcode == 7'b1101111);                               // JAL
+
+  // Immediate generation
+  wire [31:0] Iimm = {{20{instr[31]}}, instr[31:20]};
+  wire [31:0] Simm = {{20{instr[31]}}, instr[31:25], instr[11:7]};
+  wire [31:0] Bimm = {{19{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[7], instr[30:25], instr[11:8], 1'b0};
+  wire [31:0] Uimm = {instr[31:12], 12'b0};
+  wire [31:0] Jimm = {{11{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[19:12], instr[20], instr[30:21], 1'b0};
+
+  // Register file
+   // Initialize register file (x0 always zero)
+  reg [31:0] rf [0:31]; //Register file
+  integer i;
+  initial begin
+    for (i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
+      rf[i] = 32'b0;
+    end
+  end
+
+  // Read ports
+  wire [31:0] rs1_val = (rs1 != 0) ? rf[rs1] : 32'b0;
+  wire [31:0] rs2_val = (rs2 != 0) ? rf[rs2] : 32'b0;
+
+  // Instruction decoding
+  wire isADDI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isADD = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b000) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);  
+  // Branch instructions
+  wire isBEQ  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isBNE  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isBLT  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  wire isBGE  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b101);
+  wire isBLTU = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b110);
+  wire isBGEU = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b111);
+
+  //store load instructions
+  wire isLB = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isLH = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isLW = (opcode == 7'b0000011) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+  wire isLBU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  wire isLHU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b101);
+
+  wire isSB = (isSType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isSH = (isSType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isSW = (opcode == 7'b0100011) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+
+  //sl and sr instructions
+  wire isSLT = (isRType) && (funct3 == 3'b010) && (funct7[5] == 1'b0);
+  wire isSLTU = (isRType) && (funct3 == 3'b011) && (funct7[5] == 1'b0);
+  wire isSLL  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b001) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSLTI = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+  wire isSLTIU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b011);
+
+  wire isSRL  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSRA  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7 == 7'b0100000);
+
+  wire isSLLI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b001) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b000000);
+  wire isSRLI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b000000);
+  wire isSRAI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b010000);
+
+  //logic imms
+  wire isANDI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b111);
+  wire isORI  = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b110);
+  wire isXORI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  // logic
+  wire isAND  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b111) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isOR   = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b110) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isXOR  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b100) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSUB = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b000) && (funct7 == 7'b0100000);
+  //lui auipc (opcode use)
+  wire isLUI = (opcode == 7'b0110111); 
+  wire isAUIPC = (opcode == 7'b0010111);
+  wire isJAL = (opcode == 7'b1101111);
+  //jal UType
+
+  wire isJALR = (opcode == 7'b1100111) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+
+  //Mem address calculation
+  wire [31:0] mem_addr = (is_mem_op) ? alu_result : 32'b0;
+
+  //Mem address logic
+  //For simplicity we only implement all loads as word loads (lw)
+  //byte/halfword ignored
+  wire is_load = (opcode == 7'b0000011);  // All load instructions
+  wire is_store = (opcode == 7'b0100011); // All store instructions
+  wire is_mem_op = is_store || is_load;
+
+
+//Load operations
+
+  reg [31:0] load_data;
+
+  always @(*) begin 
+    if (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00) begin 
+      case (funct3)
+        3'b000: load_data = {{24{ld_data[7]}}, ld_data[7:0]};
+        3'b001: load_data = {{16{ld_data[15]}}, ld_data[15:0]};
+        3'b010: load_data = ld_data;
+        3'b100: load_data = {24'b0, ld_data[7:0]};
+        3'b101: load_data = {16'b0, ld_data[15:0]};
+        default: load_data = 32'b0;
+      endcase
+    end else begin 
+      load_data = 32'b0;
+      if (is_load) begin  // Only show error for actual loads
+        $display("ERROR: Misaligned memory address at addr %h", mem_addr);
+      end
+    end 
+  end
+
+//Store operations
+always @(*) begin 
+  if (!rst && is_store && (word_addr < 32) && (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00)) begin 
+    case (funct3)
+      3'b000: begin //SB: store byte 0 
+        dmem[word_addr][7:0] = rs2_val[7:0];
+      end 
+      3'b001: begin //SH: store halfword
+        dmem[word_addr][15:0] = rs2_val[15:0];
+      end 
+      3'b010: begin //SW: store word 
+        dmem[word_addr] = rs2_val;
+      end 
+    endcase
+    $display("MEM Write: word_addr=%h, data=%h", word_addr, rs2_val);
+  end
+end
+  // ALU operations
+
+  //sltu and slt
+  wire [31:0] sltu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
+  wire [31:0] signed_slt = (rs1_val[31] && !rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b1 :
+                           (!rs1_val[31] && rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b0 :
+                           (rs1_val < rs2_val);
+  wire [31:0] slt_rslt = {31'b0, signed_slt};
+  wire [31:0] slti_rslt = ((rs1_val[31] == Iimm[31]) ? sltu_rslt : {31'b0, rs1_val[31]});
+
+  wire [63:0] SErs1_val = {{32{rs1_val[31]}}, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
+
+  wire [63:0] sra_rslt = {SErs1_val >> rs2_val[4:0]};
+  wire [63:0] srai_rslt = {SErs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]};
+  wire [31:0] sltiu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < Iimm)};
+ 
+  wire [31:0] alu_result = (is_mem_op) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) : // Mem address computation
+                           (isADDI) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) :
+                           (isADD) ? (rs1_val + rs2_val) : 
+                           (isSLT) ? slt_rslt :
+                           (isSLTU) ? sltu_rslt :
+                           (isSLTI) ? slti_rslt :
+                           (isANDI) ? (rs1_val & Iimm) :
+                           (isORI) ? (rs1_val | Iimm) :
+                           (isXORI) ? (rs1_val ^ Iimm) :
+                           (isSLLI) ? (rs1_val << Iimm[4:0]) :
+                           (isSRLI) ? (rs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]) :
+                           (isAND) ? (rs1_val & rs2_val) :
+                           (isOR) ? (rs1_val | rs2_val) :
+                           (isXOR) ? (rs1_val ^ rs2_val) :
+                           (isSUB) ? (rs1_val - rs2_val) :
+                           (isSLL) ? (rs1_val << rs2_val[4:0]) :
+                           (isSRL) ? (rs1_val >> rs2_val[4:0]) :
+                           (isSLTIU) ? (sltiu_rslt) :
+                           (isLUI) ? ({Iimm[31:12], 12'b0}) :
+                           (isAUIPC) ? (pc + Iimm) :
+                           (isJAL || isJALR) ? (pc + 32'd4) :
+                           (isSRA) ? (sra_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           (isSRAI) ? (srai_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           32'b0;
+
+
+  wire signed [31:0] signed_rs1 = rs1_val;
+  wire signed [31:0] signed_rs2 = rs2_val;
+
+  wire branch_taken =
+      isBEQ  ? (rs1_val == rs2_val) :
+      isBNE  ? (rs1_val != rs2_val) :
+      isBLT  ? (signed_rs1 < signed_rs2) :
+      isBGE  ? (signed_rs1 >= signed_rs2) :
+      isBLTU ? (rs1_val < rs2_val) :
+      isBGEU ? (rs1_val >= rs2_val) :
+      1'b0;
+
+  // Next PC calculation - FIXED: using wire for continuous assignment
+  wire [31:0] branch_target = pc + Bimm;
+  wire [31:0] next_pc_base = pc + 32'h4;
+  wire [31:0] jalr_tgt_pc = rs1_val + Iimm;
+  
+  assign next_pc = branch_taken ? branch_target :
+                   isJAL ? branch_target :
+                   isJALR ? jalr_tgt_pc :
+                   next_pc_base;
+
+  // Register write back
+  wire rf_write_enable = (rd != 0) && (
+                          isADDI || isADD || isSUB ||
+                          isJAL || isJALR ||
+                          isSLT || isSLTU || isSLTI || isSLTIU ||
+                          isSLL || isSRL || isSRA || isSLLI || isSRLI || isSRAI ||
+                          isLB || isLH || isLW || isLBU || isLHU ||
+                          isXORI || isORI || isANDI ||
+                          isXOR || isOR || isAND ||
+                          is_load || isLUI || isAUIPC
+                        );
+  
+
+  wire [31:0] writeback_data = is_load ? load_data : alu_result;
+
+  // PC update
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (rst) begin
+      pc <= 32'h0;
+    end else begin
+      pc <= next_pc;
+    end
+  end
+
+  // Register write back
+always @(posedge clk) begin
+  if (rf_write_enable && !rst) begin
+    rf[rd] <= writeback_data;  // Use writeback_data instead of alu_result
+    $display("RF Write: x%d = %h", rd, writeback_data);
+  end
+end  
+
+// Debug monitoring
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst) begin
+      $display("PC=%08h, Instr=%08h, rs1=x%d(%h), rs2=x%d(%h), rd=x%d, branch_taken=%b",
+               pc, instr, rs1, rs1_val, rs2, rs2_val, rd, branch_taken);
+      if (pc[1:0] != 2'b00) begin
+        $display("WARNING: PC not word-aligned: %h", pc);
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst && (opcode == 7'b0000011)) begin
+      $display("LOAD: byte_addr=%h, word_addr=%h, data=%h, funct3=%b", 
+               mem_addr, word_addr, load_data, funct3);
+    end
+  end
+
+endmodule

FINAL/RISCCore_tb.v

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+`timescale 1ns/1ps
+
+module RISCCore_tb;
+  reg clk;
+  reg rst;
+  wire [31:0] pc;
+  wire [31:0] next_pc;
+  wire [31:0] instr;
+  
+  // Instantiate the RISC-V core
+  RISCCore uut (
+    .rst(rst),
+    .clk(clk),
+    .pc(pc),
+    .next_pc(next_pc),
+    .instr(instr)
+  );
+  
+  // Clock generation
+  always #5 clk = ~clk;
+  
+  // Initialize signals
+  initial begin
+    clk = 0;
+    rst = 1;
+    
+    // Reset sequence
+    #10 rst = 0;
+    
+    // Run for enough clock cycles
+    #500;
+    
+    // Display final register values
+    $display("\n=== FINAL REGISTER STATE ===");
+    $display("x1 (ra)  = %h", uut.rf[1]);
+    $display("x2 (sp)  = %h", uut.rf[2]);
+    $display("x3 (gp)  = %h", uut.rf[3]);
+    $display("x4 (tp)  = %h", uut.rf[4]);
+    $display("x5 (t0)  = %h", uut.rf[5]);
+    $display("x6 (t1)  = %h", uut.rf[6]);
+    $display("x7 (t2)  = %h", uut.rf[7]);
+    $display("x8 (s0)  = %h", uut.rf[8]);
+    $display("x10 (a0) = %h", uut.rf[10]);
+    
+    // Display memory contents
+    $display("\n=== MEMORY STATE ===");
+    begin : memory_display
+      integer i;
+      for (i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) begin
+        $display("mem[%0d] = %h", i, uut.dmem[i]);
+      end
+    end
+    
+    $finish;
+  end
+  
+  // Simple monitor
+  initial begin
+    $monitor("Time=%0t: PC=%h, Instr=%h", $time, uut.pc, uut.instr);
+  end
+  
+endmodule

FINAL/program.hex

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+00000093  // addi x1, x0, 0   - x1 = 0
+00100113  // addi x2, x0, 1   - x2 = 1  
+00200193  // addi x3, x0, 2   - x3 = 2
+003081b3  // add  x3, x1, x3  - x3 = 0 + 2 = 2
+00420233  // add  x4, x4, x4  - x4 = x4 + x4 (should be 0)
+00228463  // beq  x5, x2, 8   - branch if x5 == x2 (should not take)
+00400463  // beq  x0, x4, 8   - branch if 0 == 0 (should take)
+00a00513  // addi x10, x0, 10 - x10 = 10 (should be skipped)
+fff00513  // addi x10, x0, -1 - x10 = -1 (should execute)
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop

chapter5/RISCCore.v

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+module RISCCore (
+  input rst,
+  input clk,
+  output reg [31:0] pc,
+  output wire [31:0] next_pc,  // Changed to wire
+  output wire [31:0] instr
+);
+
+  // IMem - reduced size for simplicity
+  reg [31:0] imem [0:63];
+  initial begin
+    $readmemh("program.hex", imem);
+  end
+  assign instr = (pc[31:2] < 64) ? imem[pc[31:2]] : 32'h00000013;  // Word-aligned access
+
+  //Data Mem
+  reg [31:0] dmem [0:31];
+  wire [31:0] ld_data;
+  wire [4:0] word_addr = mem_addr[6:2];
+
+  integer j;
+  initial begin
+    for(j = 0; j < 32; j = j + 1) begin
+      dmem[j] = 32'b0;
+    end 
+  end
+
+  assign ld_data = (word_addr < 32) ? dmem[word_addr] : 32'b0;
+
+  // Instruction decoder
+  wire [6:0] opcode = instr[6:0];
+  wire [4:0] rs1 = instr[19:15];
+  wire [4:0] rs2 = instr[24:20];
+  wire [4:0] rd = instr[11:7];
+  wire [2:0] funct3 = instr[14:12];
+  wire [6:0] funct7 = instr[31:25];
+
+  // Instruction type detection
+  wire isUType = (opcode == 7'b0110111) || (opcode == 7'b0010111);  // LUI, AUIPC
+  wire isIType = (opcode == 7'b0000011) || (opcode == 7'b0000111) ||  // LOAD
+                 (opcode == 7'b0010011) || (opcode == 7'b0011011) ||  // OP-IMM
+                 (opcode == 7'b1100111);                               // JALR
+  wire isRType = (opcode == 7'b0110011) || (opcode == 7'b0111011);     // OP
+  wire isSType = (opcode == 7'b0100011) || (opcode == 7'b0100111);     // STORE
+  wire isBType = (opcode == 7'b1100011);                               // BRANCH
+  wire isJType = (opcode == 7'b1101111);                               // JAL
+
+  // Immediate generation
+  wire [31:0] Iimm = {{20{instr[31]}}, instr[31:20]};
+  wire [31:0] Simm = {{20{instr[31]}}, instr[31:25], instr[11:7]};
+  wire [31:0] Bimm = {{19{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[7], instr[30:25], instr[11:8], 1'b0};
+  wire [31:0] Uimm = {instr[31:12], 12'b0};
+  wire [31:0] Jimm = {{11{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[19:12], instr[20], instr[30:21], 1'b0};
+
+  // Register file
+   // Initialize register file (x0 always zero)
+  reg [31:0] rf [0:31]; //Register file
+  integer i;
+  initial begin
+    for (i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
+      rf[i] = 32'b0;
+    end
+  end
+
+  // Read ports
+  wire [31:0] rs1_val = (rs1 != 0) ? rf[rs1] : 32'b0;
+  wire [31:0] rs2_val = (rs2 != 0) ? rf[rs2] : 32'b0;
+
+  // Instruction decoding
+  wire isADDI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isADD = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b000) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);  
+  // Branch instructions
+  wire isBEQ  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isBNE  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isBLT  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  wire isBGE  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b101);
+  wire isBLTU = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b110);
+  wire isBGEU = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b111);
+
+  //store load instructions
+  wire isLB = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isLH = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isLW = (opcode == 7'b0000011) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+  wire isLBU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  wire isLHU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b101);
+
+  wire isSB = (isSType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isSH = (isSType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isSW = (opcode == 7'b0100011) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+
+  //sl and sr instructions
+  wire isSLT = (isRType) && (funct3 == 3'b010) && (funct7[5] == 1'b0);
+  wire isSLTU = (isRType) && (funct3 == 3'b011) && (funct7[5] == 1'b0);
+  wire isSLL  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b001) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSLTI = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+  wire isSLTIU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b011);
+
+  wire isSRL  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSRA  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7 == 7'b0100000);
+
+  wire isSLLI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b001) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b000000);
+  wire isSRLI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b000000);
+  wire isSRAI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b010000);
+
+  //logic imms
+  wire isANDI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b111);
+  wire isORI  = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b110);
+  wire isXORI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  // logic
+  wire isAND  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b111) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isOR   = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b110) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isXOR  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b100) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSUB = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b000) && (funct7 == 7'b0100000);
+  //lui auipc (opcode use)
+  wire isLUI = (opcode == 7'b0110111); 
+  wire isAUIPC = (opcode == 7'b0010111);
+  wire isJAL = (opcode == 7'b1101111);
+  //jal UType
+
+  wire isJALR = (opcode == 7'b1100111) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+
+  //Mem address calculation
+  wire [31:0] mem_addr = (is_mem_op) ? alu_result : 32'b0;
+
+  //Mem address logic
+  //For simplicity we only implement all loads as word loads (lw)
+  //byte/halfword ignored
+  wire is_load = (opcode == 7'b0000011);  // All load instructions
+  wire is_store = (opcode == 7'b0100011); // All store instructions
+  wire is_mem_op = is_store || is_load;
+
+
+//Load operations
+
+  reg [31:0] load_data;
+
+  always @(*) begin 
+    if (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00) begin 
+      case (funct3)
+        3'b000: load_data = {{24{ld_data[7]}}, ld_data[7:0]};
+        3'b001: load_data = {{16{ld_data[15]}}, ld_data[15:0]};
+        3'b010: load_data = ld_data;
+        3'b100: load_data = {24'b0, ld_data[7:0]};
+        3'b101: load_data = {16'b0, ld_data[15:0]};
+        default: load_data = 32'b0;
+      endcase
+    end else begin 
+      load_data = 32'b0;
+      if (is_load) begin  // Only show error for actual loads
+        $display("ERROR: Misaligned memory address at addr %h", mem_addr);
+      end
+    end 
+  end
+
+//Store operations
+always @(*) begin 
+  if (!rst && is_store && (word_addr < 32) && (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00)) begin 
+    case (funct3)
+      3'b000: begin //SB: store byte 0 
+        dmem[word_addr][7:0] = rs2_val[7:0];
+      end 
+      3'b001: begin //SH: store halfword
+        dmem[word_addr][15:0] = rs2_val[15:0];
+      end 
+      3'b010: begin //SW: store word 
+        dmem[word_addr] = rs2_val;
+      end 
+    endcase
+    $display("MEM Write: word_addr=%h, data=%h", word_addr, rs2_val);
+  end
+end
+  // ALU operations
+
+  //sltu and slt
+  wire [31:0] sltu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
+  wire [31:0] signed_slt = (rs1_val[31] && !rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b1 :
+                           (!rs1_val[31] && rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b0 :
+                           (rs1_val < rs2_val);
+  wire [31:0] slt_rslt = {31'b0, signed_slt};
+  wire [31:0] slti_rslt = ((rs1_val[31] == Iimm[31]) ? sltu_rslt : {31'b0, rs1_val[31]});
+
+  wire [63:0] SErs1_val = {{32{rs1_val[31]}}, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
+
+  wire [63:0] sra_rslt = {SErs1_val >> rs2_val[4:0]};
+  wire [63:0] srai_rslt = {SErs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]};
+  wire [31:0] sltiu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < Iimm)};
+ 
+  wire [31:0] alu_result = (is_mem_op) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) : // Mem address computation
+                           (isADDI) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) :
+                           (isADD) ? (rs1_val + rs2_val) : 
+                           (isSLT) ? slt_rslt :
+                           (isSLTU) ? sltu_rslt :
+                           (isSLTI) ? slti_rslt :
+                           (isANDI) ? (rs1_val & Iimm) :
+                           (isORI) ? (rs1_val | Iimm) :
+                           (isXORI) ? (rs1_val ^ Iimm) :
+                           (isSLLI) ? (rs1_val << Iimm[4:0]) :
+                           (isSRLI) ? (rs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]) :
+                           (isAND) ? (rs1_val & rs2_val) :
+                           (isOR) ? (rs1_val | rs2_val) :
+                           (isXOR) ? (rs1_val ^ rs2_val) :
+                           (isSUB) ? (rs1_val - rs2_val) :
+                           (isSLL) ? (rs1_val << rs2_val[4:0]) :
+                           (isSRL) ? (rs1_val >> rs2_val[4:0]) :
+                           (isSLTIU) ? (sltiu_rslt) :
+                           (isLUI) ? ({Iimm[31:12], 12'b0}) :
+                           (isAUIPC) ? (pc + Iimm) :
+                           (isJAL || isJALR) ? (pc + 32'd4) :
+                           (isSRA) ? (sra_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           (isSRAI) ? (srai_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           32'b0;
+
+
+  wire signed [31:0] signed_rs1 = rs1_val;
+  wire signed [31:0] signed_rs2 = rs2_val;
+
+  wire branch_taken =
+      isBEQ  ? (rs1_val == rs2_val) :
+      isBNE  ? (rs1_val != rs2_val) :
+      isBLT  ? (signed_rs1 < signed_rs2) :
+      isBGE  ? (signed_rs1 >= signed_rs2) :
+      isBLTU ? (rs1_val < rs2_val) :
+      isBGEU ? (rs1_val >= rs2_val) :
+      1'b0;
+
+  // Next PC calculation - FIXED: using wire for continuous assignment
+  wire [31:0] branch_target = pc + Bimm;
+  wire [31:0] next_pc_base = pc + 32'h4;
+  wire [31:0] jalr_tgt_pc = rs1_val + Iimm;
+  
+  assign next_pc = branch_taken ? branch_target :
+                   isJAL ? branch_target :
+                   isJALR ? jalr_tgt_pc :
+                   next_pc_base;
+
+  // Register write back
+  wire rf_write_enable = (rd != 0) && (
+                          isADDI || isADD || isSUB ||
+                          isJAL || isJALR ||
+                          isSLT || isSLTU || isSLTI || isSLTIU ||
+                          isSLL || isSRL || isSRA || isSLLI || isSRLI || isSRAI ||
+                          isLB || isLH || isLW || isLBU || isLHU ||
+                          isXORI || isORI || isANDI ||
+                          isXOR || isOR || isAND ||
+                          is_load || isLUI || isAUIPC
+                        );
+  
+
+  wire [31:0] writeback_data = is_load ? load_data : alu_result;
+
+  // PC update
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (rst) begin
+      pc <= 32'h0;
+    end else begin
+      pc <= next_pc;
+    end
+  end
+
+  // Register write back
+always @(posedge clk) begin
+  if (rf_write_enable && !rst) begin
+    rf[rd] <= writeback_data;  // Use writeback_data instead of alu_result
+    $display("RF Write: x%d = %h", rd, writeback_data);
+  end
+end  
+
+// Debug monitoring
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst) begin
+      $display("PC=%08h, Instr=%08h, rs1=x%d(%h), rs2=x%d(%h), rd=x%d, branch_taken=%b",
+               pc, instr, rs1, rs1_val, rs2, rs2_val, rd, branch_taken);
+      if (pc[1:0] != 2'b00) begin
+        $display("WARNING: PC not word-aligned: %h", pc);
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst && (opcode == 7'b0000011)) begin
+      $display("LOAD: byte_addr=%h, word_addr=%h, data=%h, funct3=%b", 
+               mem_addr, word_addr, load_data, funct3);
+    end
+  end
+
+endmodule

chapter5/RISCCore_0.2tb.v

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+module RISCCore_tb;
+  reg clk;
+  reg rst;
+  wire [31:0] pc;
+  wire [31:0] next_pc;
+  wire [31:0] instr;
+  
+  // Instantiate the RISC-V core
+  RISCCore uut (
+    .rst(rst),
+    .clk(clk),
+    .pc(pc),
+    .next_pc(next_pc),
+    .instr(instr)
+  );
+  
+  // Clock generation
+  always #5 clk = ~clk;
+  
+  // Test sequence
+  initial begin
+    // Initialize signals
+    clk = 0;
+    rst = 1;
+    
+    // Apply reset
+    #10 rst = 0;
+    
+    // Run for 100 clock cycles
+    #1000;
+    
+    // Display final register values
+    $display("\n=== Final Register Values ===");
+    for (integer i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
+      if (uut.rf[i] != 0) begin
+        $display("x%d = %h", i, uut.rf[i]);
+      end
+    end
+    
+    // Display final memory contents
+    $display("\n=== Final Memory Contents ===");
+    for (integer i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
+      if (uut.dmem[i] != 0) begin
+        $display("Mem[%d] = %h", i, uut.dmem[i]);
+      end
+    end
+    
+    $finish;
+  end
+  
+  // Monitor important signals
+  initial begin
+    $monitor("Time=%0t, PC=%h, Instr=%h", $time, pc, instr);
+  end
+endmodule

chapter5/RISCCore_tb.v

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+`timescale 1ns/1ps
+
+module RISCCore_tb;
+  reg clk;
+  reg rst;
+  wire [31:0] pc;
+  wire [31:0] next_pc;
+  wire [31:0] instr;
+  
+  // Instantiate the RISC-V core
+  RISCCore uut (
+    .rst(rst),
+    .clk(clk),
+    .pc(pc),
+    .next_pc(next_pc),
+    .instr(instr)
+  );
+  
+  // Clock generation
+  always #5 clk = ~clk;
+  
+  // Initialize signals
+  initial begin
+    clk = 0;
+    rst = 1;
+    
+    // Reset sequence
+    #10 rst = 0;
+    
+    // Run for enough clock cycles
+    #500;
+    
+    // Display final register values
+    $display("\n=== FINAL REGISTER STATE ===");
+    $display("x1 (ra)  = %h", uut.rf[1]);
+    $display("x2 (sp)  = %h", uut.rf[2]);
+    $display("x3 (gp)  = %h", uut.rf[3]);
+    $display("x4 (tp)  = %h", uut.rf[4]);
+    $display("x5 (t0)  = %h", uut.rf[5]);
+    $display("x6 (t1)  = %h", uut.rf[6]);
+    $display("x7 (t2)  = %h", uut.rf[7]);
+    $display("x8 (s0)  = %h", uut.rf[8]);
+    $display("x10 (a0) = %h", uut.rf[10]);
+    
+    // Display memory contents
+    $display("\n=== MEMORY STATE ===");
+    begin : memory_display
+      integer i;
+      for (i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) begin
+        $display("mem[%0d] = %h", i, uut.dmem[i]);
+      end
+    end
+    
+    $finish;
+  end
+  
+  // Simple monitor
+  initial begin
+    $monitor("Time=%0t: PC=%h, Instr=%h", $time, uut.pc, uut.instr);
+  end
+  
+endmodule

chapter5/RISCcore0.2.v

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+module RISCCore (
+  input rst,
+  input clk,
+  output reg [31:0] pc,
+  output wire [31:0] next_pc,  // Changed to wire
+  output wire [31:0] instr
+);
+
+  // IMem - reduced size for simplicity
+  reg [31:0] imem [0:63];
+  initial begin
+    $readmemh("program.hex", imem);
+  end
+  assign instr = (pc[31:2] < 64) ? imem[pc[31:2]] : 32'h00000013;  // Word-aligned access
+
+  //Data Mem
+  reg [31:0] dmem [0:31];
+  wire [31:0] ld_data;
+  wire [4:0] word_addr = mem_addr[6:2];
+
+  integer j;
+  initial begin
+    for(j = 0; j < 32; j = j + 1) begin
+      dmem[j] = 32'b0;
+    end 
+  end
+
+  assign ld_data = (word_addr < 32) ? dmem[word_addr] : 32'b0;
+
+  // Instruction decoder
+  wire [6:0] opcode = instr[6:0];
+  wire [4:0] rs1 = instr[19:15];
+  wire [4:0] rs2 = instr[24:20];
+  wire [4:0] rd = instr[11:7];
+  wire [2:0] funct3 = instr[14:12];
+  wire [6:0] funct7 = instr[31:25];
+
+  // Instruction type detection
+  wire isUType = (opcode == 7'b0110111) || (opcode == 7'b0010111);  // LUI, AUIPC
+  wire isIType = (opcode == 7'b0000011) || (opcode == 7'b0000111) ||  // LOAD
+                 (opcode == 7'b0010011) || (opcode == 7'b0011011) ||  // OP-IMM
+                 (opcode == 7'b1100111);                               // JALR
+  wire isRType = (opcode == 7'b0110011) || (opcode == 7'b0111011);     // OP
+  wire isSType = (opcode == 7'b0100011) || (opcode == 7'b0100111);     // STORE
+  wire isBType = (opcode == 7'b1100011);                               // BRANCH
+  wire isJType = (opcode == 7'b1101111);                               // JAL
+
+  // Immediate generation
+  wire [31:0] Iimm = {{20{instr[31]}}, instr[31:20]};
+  wire [31:0] Simm = {{20{instr[31]}}, instr[31:25], instr[11:7]};
+  wire [31:0] Bimm = {{19{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[7], instr[30:25], instr[11:8], 1'b0};
+  wire [31:0] Uimm = {instr[31:12], 12'b0};
+  wire [31:0] Jimm = {{11{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[19:12], instr[20], instr[30:21], 1'b0};
+
+  // Register file
+   // Initialize register file (x0 always zero)
+  reg [31:0] rf [0:31]; //Register file
+  integer i;
+  initial begin
+    for (i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
+      rf[i] = 32'b0;
+    end
+  end
+
+  // Read ports
+  wire [31:0] rs1_val = (rs1 != 0) ? rf[rs1] : 32'b0;
+  wire [31:0] rs2_val = (rs2 != 0) ? rf[rs2] : 32'b0;
+
+  // Instruction decoding
+  wire isADDI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isADD = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b000) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);  
+  // Branch instructions
+  wire isBEQ  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isBNE  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isBLT  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  wire isBGE  = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b101);
+  wire isBLTU = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b110);
+  wire isBGEU = (isBType) && (funct3 == 3'b111);
+
+  //store load instructions
+  wire isLB = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isLH = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isLW = (opcode == 7'b0000011) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+  wire isLBU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  wire isLHU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b101);
+
+  wire isSB = (isSType) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+  wire isSH = (isSType) && (funct3 == 3'b001);
+  wire isSW = (opcode == 7'b0100011) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+
+  //sl and sr instructions
+  wire isSLT = (isRType) && (funct3 == 3'b010) && (funct7[5] == 1'b0);
+  wire isSLTU = (isRType) && (funct3 == 3'b011) && (funct7[5] == 1'b0);
+  wire isSLL  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b001) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSLTI = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b010);
+  wire isSLTIU = (isIType) && (funct3 == 3'b011);
+
+  wire isSRL  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSRA  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7 == 7'b0100000);
+
+  wire isSLLI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b001) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b000000);
+  wire isSRLI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b000000);
+  wire isSRAI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b101) && (funct7[6:1] == 6'b010000);
+
+  //logic imms
+  wire isANDI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b111);
+  wire isORI  = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b110);
+  wire isXORI = (opcode == 7'b0010011) && (funct3 == 3'b100);
+  // logic
+  wire isAND  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b111) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isOR   = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b110) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isXOR  = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b100) && (funct7 == 7'b0000000);
+  wire isSUB = (opcode == 7'b0110011) && (funct3 == 3'b000) && (funct7 == 7'b0100000);
+  //lui auipc (opcode use)
+  wire isLUI = (opcode == 7'b0110111); 
+  wire isAUIPC = (opcode == 7'b0010111);
+  wire isJAL = (opcode == 7'b1101111);
+  //jal UType
+
+  wire isJALR = (opcode == 7'b1100111) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
+
+  //Mem address calculation
+  wire [31:0] mem_addr = alu_result;
+
+  //Mem address logic
+  //For simplicity we only implement all loads as word loads (lw)
+  //byte/halfword ignored
+  wire is_load = (opcode == 7'b0000011);  // All load instructions
+  wire is_store = (opcode == 7'b0100011); // All store instructions
+  wire is_mem_op = is_store || is_load;
+
+
+  //Load operations
+
+  reg [31:0] load_data;
+  always @(*) begin 
+    if (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00) begin 
+      case (funct3)
+        3'b000: load_data = {{24{ld_data[7]}}, ld_data[7:0]}; //LB sign-extended byte 0 
+        3'b001: load_data = {{16{ld_data[15]}}, ld_data[15:0]}; //LH sign-extended halfword
+        3'b010: load_data = ld_data; //LW full word
+        3'b100: load_data = {24'b0, ld_data[7:0]}; //LBU zero-extended byte 0 
+        3'b101: load_data = {16'b0, ld_data[15:0]}; // LHU zero-extended halfword
+        default: load_data = 32'b0;
+      endcase
+    end else begin 
+      load_data = 32'b0; // Misaligned access not supported
+      $display("ERROR: Misaligned memory address at addr %h", mem_addr);
+    end 
+  end 
+
+
+//Store operations
+always @(posedge clk) begin 
+  if (!rst && (word_addr < 32) && (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00)) begin 
+    case (funct3)
+      3'b000: begin //SB: store byte 0 
+        dmem[word_addr][7:0] <= rs2_val[7:0];
+      end 
+      3'b001: begin //SH: store halfword
+        dmem[word_addr][15:0] <= rs2_val[15:0];
+      end 
+      3'b010: begin //SW: store word 
+        dmem[word_addr] <= rs2_val;
+      end 
+    endcase
+    $display("MEM Write: word_addr=%h, data=%h", word_addr, rs2_val);
+  end
+end
+  // ALU operations
+
+  //sltu and slt
+  wire [31:0] sltu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
+  wire [31:0] signed_slt = (rs1_val[31] && !rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b1 :
+                           (!rs1_val[31] && rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b0 :
+                           (rs1_val < rs2_val);
+  wire [31:0] slt_rslt = {31'b0, signed_slt};
+  wire [31:0] slti_rslt = ((rs1_val[31] == Iimm[31]) ? sltu_rslt : {31'b0, rs1_val[31]});
+
+  wire [63:0] SErs1_val = {{32{rs1_val[31]}}, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
+
+  wire [63:0] sra_rslt = {SErs1_val >> rs2_val[4:0]};
+  wire [63:0] srai_rslt = {SErs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]};
+  wire [31:0] sltiu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < Iimm)};
+ 
+  wire [31:0] alu_result = (is_mem_op) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) & 32'hFFFFFFFC : // Mem address computation (force word alignment)
+                           (isADDI) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) :
+                           (isADD) ? (rs1_val + rs2_val) : 
+                           (isSLT) ? slt_rslt :
+                           (isSLTU) ? sltu_rslt :
+                           (isSRA) ? sra_rslt :
+                           (isSRAI) ? srai_rslt :
+                           (isSLTI) ? slti_rslt :
+                           (isANDI) ? (rs1_val & Iimm) :
+                           (isORI) ? (rs1_val | Iimm) :
+                           (isXORI) ? (rs1_val ^ Iimm) :
+                           (isSLLI) ? (rs1_val << Iimm[4:0]) :
+                           (isSRLI) ? (rs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]) :
+                           (isAND) ? (rs1_val & rs2_val) :
+                           (isOR) ? (rs1_val | rs2_val) :
+                           (isXOR) ? (rs1_val ^ rs2_val) :
+                           (isSUB) ? (rs1_val - rs2_val) :
+                           (isSLL) ? (rs1_val << rs2_val[4:0]) :
+                           (isSRL) ? (rs1_val >> rs2_val[4:0]) :
+                           (isSLTIU) ? (sltiu_rslt) :
+                           (isLUI) ? ({Iimm[31:12], 12'b0}) :
+                           (isAUIPC) ? (pc + Iimm) :
+                           (isJAL || isJALR) ? (pc + 32'd4) :
+                           (isSRA) ? (sra_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           (isSRAI) ? (srai_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           (is_load) ? (load_data) : //For register writeback
+                           32'b0;
+
+
+  wire signed [31:0] signed_rs1 = rs1_val;
+  wire signed [31:0] signed_rs2 = rs2_val;
+
+  wire branch_taken =
+      isBEQ  ? (rs1_val == rs2_val) :
+      isBNE  ? (rs1_val != rs2_val) :
+      isBLT  ? (signed_rs1 < signed_rs2) :
+      isBGE  ? (signed_rs1 >= signed_rs2) :
+      isBLTU ? (rs1_val < rs2_val) :
+      isBGEU ? (rs1_val >= rs2_val) :
+      1'b0;
+
+  // Next PC calculation - FIXED: using wire for continuous assignment
+  wire [31:0] branch_target = pc + Bimm;
+  wire [31:0] next_pc_base = pc + 32'h4;
+  wire [31:0] jalr_tgt_pc = rs1_val + Iimm;
+  
+  assign next_pc = branch_taken ? branch_target :
+                   isJAL ? branch_target :
+                   isJALR ? jalr_tgt_pc :
+                   next_pc_base;
+
+  // Register write back
+  wire rf_write_enable = (rd != 0) && (
+                          isADDI || isADD || isSUB ||
+                          isJAL || isJALR ||
+                          isSLT || isSLTU || isSLTI || isSLTIU ||
+                          isSLL || isSRL || isSRA || isSLLI || isSRLI || isSRAI ||
+                          isLB || isLH || isLW || isLBU || isLHU ||
+                          isXORI || isORI || isANDI ||
+                          isXOR || isOR || isAND ||
+                          is_load || isLUI || isAUIPC
+                        );
+  
+
+  wire [31:0] writeback_data = is_load ? load_data : alu_result;
+
+  // PC update
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (rst) begin
+      pc <= 32'h0;
+    end else begin
+      pc <= next_pc;
+    end
+  end
+
+  // Register write back
+always @(posedge clk) begin
+  if (rf_write_enable && !rst) begin
+    rf[rd] <= writeback_data;  // Use writeback_data instead of alu_result
+    $display("RF Write: x%d = %h", rd, writeback_data);
+  end
+end  
+
+// Debug monitoring
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst) begin
+      $display("PC=%08h, Instr=%08h, rs1=x%d(%h), rs2=x%d(%h), rd=x%d, branch_taken=%b",
+               pc, instr, rs1, rs1_val, rs2, rs2_val, rd, branch_taken);
+      if (pc[1:0] != 2'b00) begin
+        $display("WARNING: PC not word-aligned: %h", pc);
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst && (opcode == 7'b0000011)) begin
+      $display("LOAD: byte_addr=%h, word_addr=%h, data=%h, funct3=%b", 
+               mem_addr, word_addr, load_data, funct3);
+    end
+  end
+
+endmodule

chapter5/RISCcore2.v

@@ -11,7 +11,16 @@ module RISCcore2 (
   initial begin
     $readmemh("program.hex", imem);
   end
-  assign instr = imem[pc[31:2]];  // Word-aligned access
+  assign instr = (pc[31:2] < 64) ? imem[pc[31:2]] : 32'h00000013;  // Word-aligned access
+
+  //Data Mem
+  reg [31:0] dmem [0:63];
+  integer j;
+  initial begin
+    for(j = 0; j < 64; j = j + 1) begin
+      dmem[j] = 32'b0;
+    end 
+  end
 
   // Instruction decoder
   wire [6:0] opcode = instr[6:0];
@@ -39,8 +48,6 @@ module RISCcore2 (
   wire [31:0] Jimm = {{11{instr[31]}}, instr[31], instr[19:12], instr[20], instr[30:21], 1'b0};
 
   // Register file
-  reg [31:0] rf [0:31];
-  
    // Initialize register file (x0 always zero)
   integer i;
   initial begin
@@ -109,7 +116,58 @@ module RISCcore2 (
 
   wire isJALR = (opcode == 7'b1100111) && (funct3 == 3'b000);
 
+  //Mem address calculation
+  wire [31:0] mem_addr = alu_result;
+  wire [31:0] word_addr = mem_addr[31:2];
+
+  //Mem address logic
+  //For simplicity we only implement all loads as word loads (lw)
+  //byte/halfword ignored
+  wire is_load = (opcode == 7'b0000011);  // All load instructions
+  wire is_store = (opcode == 7'b0100011); // All store instructions
+  wire is_mem_op = is_store || is_load;
+
+  assign loaded_data = (mem_addr[31:2] < 64) ? dmem[mem_addr[31:2]] : 32'b0;
+
+  reg [31:0] load_data;
+  always @(*) begin 
+    if (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00) begin 
+      case (funct3)
+        3'b000: load_data = {{24{loaded_data[7]}}, loaded_data[7:0]}; //LB sign-extended byte 0 
+        3'b001: load_data = {{16{loaded_data[15]}}, loaded_data[15:0]}; //LH sign-extended halfword
+        3'b010: load_data = loaded_data; //LW full word
+        3'b100: load_data = {24'b0, loaded_data[7:0]}; //LBU zero-extended byte 0 
+        3'b101: load_data = {16'b0, loaded_data[15:0]}; // LHU zero-extended halfword
+        default: load_data = 32'b0;
+      endcase
+    end else begin 
+      load_data = 32'b0; // Misaligned access not supported
+      $display("ERROR: Misaligned memory address at addr %h", mem_addr);
+    end 
+  end 
+
+
+  //Store operations
+  always @(posedge clk) begin 
+    if (!rst && (word_addr < 64) && (mem_addr[1:0] == 2'b00)) begin 
+      case (funct3)
+        3'b000: begin //SB: store byte 0 
+          dmem[word_addr][7:0] <= rs2_val[7:0];
+        end 
+        3'b001: begin //SH: store halfword
+          dmem[word_addr][15:0] <= rs2_val[15:0];
+        end 
+        3'b010: begin //SW: store word 
+        dmem[word_addr] <= rs2_val;
+      end 
+    endcase
+      $display("MEM Write: word_addr=%h, data=%h", word_addr, rs2_val);
+    end
+  end
+
+
   // ALU operations
+
   //sltu and slt
   wire [31:0] sltu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < rs2_val)};
   wire [31:0] signed_slt = (rs1_val[31] && !rs2_val[31]) ? 1'b1 :
@@ -124,7 +182,8 @@ module RISCcore2 (
   wire [63:0] srai_rslt = {SErs1_val >> Iimm[4:0]};
   wire [31:0] sltiu_rslt = {31'b0, (rs1_val < Iimm)};
  
-  wire [31:0] alu_result = (isADDI) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) :
+  wire [31:0] alu_result = (is_mem_op) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) : //Mem address computation first
+                           (isADDI) ? (rs1_val + Iimm) :
                            (isADD) ? (rs1_val + rs2_val) : 
                            (isSLT) ? slt_rslt :
                            (isSLTU) ? sltu_rslt :
@@ -145,13 +204,13 @@ module RISCcore2 (
                            (isSLTIU) ? (sltiu_rslt) :
                            (isLUI) ? ({Iimm[31:12], 12'b0}) :
                            (isAUIPC) ? (pc + Iimm) :
-                           (isJAL) ? (pc + 32'd4) :
+                           (isJAL || isJALR) ? (pc + 32'd4) :
-                           (isJALR) ? (pc + 32'd4) :
                            (isSRA) ? (sra_rslt[31:0]) :
                            (isSRAI) ? (srai_rslt[31:0]) :
+                           (is_load) ? (load_data) : //For register writeback
                            32'b0;
 
-  // Branch condition logic
+
   wire signed [31:0] signed_rs1 = rs1_val;
   wire signed [31:0] signed_rs2 = rs2_val;
 
@@ -164,14 +223,42 @@ module RISCcore2 (
       isBGEU ? (rs1_val >= rs2_val) :
       1'b0;
 
+
+  // Store operations
+  always @(posedge clk) begin 
+    if(!rst) begin 
+      if (is_store && (mem_addr[31:2] < 64)) begin 
+        dmem[mem_addr[31:2]] <= rs2_val;
+        $display("MEM Write: address = %h, data=%h", mem_addr, rs2_val);
+      end 
+    end 
+  end 
+
+
   // Next PC calculation - FIXED: using wire for continuous assignment
   wire [31:0] branch_target = pc + Bimm;
   wire [31:0] next_pc_base = pc + 32'h4;
-  assign next_pc = branch_taken ? branch_target : next_pc_base;
+  wire [31:0] jalr_tgt_pc = rs1_val + Iimm;
+  
+  assign next_pc = branch_taken ? branch_target :
+                   isJAL ? branch_target :
+                   isJALR ? jalr_tgt_pc :
+                   next_pc_base;
 
   // Register write back
-  wire rf_write_enable = (rd != 0) && (isADDI || isADD);
+  wire rf_write_enable = (rd != 0) && (
-  wire [31:0] writeback_data = alu_result;
+                          isADDI || isADD || isSUB ||
+                          isJAL || isJALR ||
+                          isSLT || isSLTU || isSLTI || isSLTIU ||
+                          isSLL || isSRL || isSRA || isSLLI || isSRLI || isSRAI ||
+                          isLB || isLH || isLW || isLBU || isLHU ||
+                          isXORI || isORI || isANDI ||
+                          isXOR || isOR || isAND ||
+                          is_load || isLUI || isAUIPC
+                        );
+  
+
+  wire [31:0] writeback_data = is_load ? load_data : alu_result;
 
   // PC update
   always @(posedge clk) begin
@@ -183,14 +270,14 @@ module RISCcore2 (
   end
 
   // Register write back
-  always @(posedge clk) begin
+always @(posedge clk) begin
   if (rf_write_enable && !rst) begin
-      rf[rd] <= writeback_data;
+    rf[rd] <= writeback_data;  // Use writeback_data instead of alu_result
     $display("RF Write: x%d = %h", rd, writeback_data);
   end
-  end
+end  
 
-  // Debug monitoring
+// Debug monitoring
   always @(posedge clk) begin
     if (!rst) begin
       $display("PC=%08h, Instr=%08h, rs1=x%d(%h), rs2=x%d(%h), rd=x%d, branch_taken=%b",
@@ -201,4 +288,11 @@ module RISCcore2 (
     end
   end
   
+  always @(posedge clk) begin
+    if (!rst && (opcode == 7'b0000011)) begin
+      $display("LOAD: byte_addr=%h, word_addr=%h, data=%h, funct3=%b", 
+               mem_addr, word_addr, load_data, funct3);
+    end
+  end
+
 endmodule

chapter5/program.hex

@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-00100093  // addi x1, x0, 1     (x1 = 1)
+00000093  // addi x1, x0, 0   - x1 = 0
-00200113  // addi x2, x0, 2     (x2 = 2)
+00100113  // addi x2, x0, 1   - x2 = 1  
-00300193  // addi x3, x0, 3     (x3 = 3)
+00200193  // addi x3, x0, 2   - x3 = 2
-00400213  // addi x4, x0, 4     (x4 = 4)
+003081b3  // add  x3, x1, x3  - x3 = 0 + 2 = 2
-00500293  // addi x5, x0, 5     (x5 = 5)
+00420233  // add  x4, x4, x4  - x4 = x4 + x4 (should be 0)
-00600313  // addi x6, x0, 6     (x6 = 6)
+00228463  // beq  x5, x2, 8   - branch if x5 == x2 (should not take)
-00700393  // addi x7, x0, 7     (x7 = 7)
+00400463  // beq  x0, x4, 8   - branch if 0 == 0 (should take)
-00800413  // addi x8, x0, 8     (x8 = 8)
+00a00513  // addi x10, x0, 10 - x10 = 10 (should be skipped)
-00900493  // addi x9, x0, 9     (x9 = 9)
+fff00513  // addi x10, x0, -1 - x10 = -1 (should execute)
-00510233  // add  x4, x2, x5    (x4 = 2+3=5)
+00000013  // nop
-00620333  // add  x6, x4, x6    (x6 = 5+6=11)
+00000013  // nop
-007303b3  // add  x7, x6, x7    (x7 = 11+7=18)
+00000013  // nop
-00840433  // add  x8, x8, x8    (x8 = 8+8=16)
-009484b3  // add  x9, x9, x9    (x9 = 9+9=18)
-0000006f  // jal x0, 0          (infinite loop)

chapter5/program0.1.hex

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+00000093  // addi x1, x0, 0      | x1 = 0
+00100113  // addi x2, x0, 1      | x2 = 1
+002081B3  // add x3, x1, x2      | x3 = x1 + x2 = 1
+00400293  // addi x5, x0, 4      | x5 = 4 (memory address)
+0051A023  // sw x5, 0(x3)        | Store x5 at address x3 (1)
+0001A303  // lw x6, 0(x3)        | Load from address x3 to x6
+00600393  // addi x7, x0, 6      | x7 = 6
+40738433  // sub x8, x7, x7      | x8 = x7 - x7 = 0
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop
+00000013  // nop